Eudora Welty a Worn Path - 12166 Words

A Worn Path by Eudora Welty Copyright Notice  ©1998−2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.  ©2007 eNotes.com LLC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage retrieval systems without the written permission of the publisher. For complete copyright information on these eNotes please visit: http://www.enotes.com/worn−path/copyright Table of Contents 1. A Worn Path: Introduction 2. Eudora Welty†¦show more content†¦Ã‚ » Back to Table of Contents Summary The story opens on a chilly December morning. An elderly African−American woman named Phoenix Jackson is making her way, slowly but surely, through the woods, tapping an umbrella on the ground in front of her as she walks. Her shoes are untied. While she taps along, she talks to the animals in the woods, telling them to keep out of her way. As the path goes up a hill, she complains about how difficult walking becomes. It becomes evident that she has made this journey many times before; she is familiar with all the twists and turns in the trail. She talks aimlessly to herself. Her eyesight is poor, and she catches her skirt in the thorns on a bush. After walking across a log to traverse a stream, she rests. She imagines a boy bringing her a slice of cake but opens her eyes to find her hand in the air, grasping nothing. The terrain becomes more difficult, and at a certain point she thinks she sees a ghost, but it is only a scarecrow. Blaming the confusion on her age and the fact that her senses is gone, she moves on. She meets a black dog with a lolling tongue. She hits the dog lightly with her cane, and the effort knocks her off balance and she falls into a ditch. The dogs owner, a white hunter, happens by and helps her out of the ditch. When he hears that she is attempting to make it into town, he says it is too far and tells her to go home. But Phoenix is determined, and Author BiographyShow MoreRelatedA Worn Path By Eudora Welty Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pages A Worn Path Research Paper The introduction of historical figures, events, and documents sparked in the twentieth century. Documents such as, the Declaration of independence, Bill of Rights, United States Constitution, and the Gettysburg Address are some examples of historical documents. These documents carry such a heavy meaning that the blood and gore that were included are often ignored. Although when the Civil Rights movement is mentioned, there are judgments that are made and accusationsRead MoreA Worn Path By Eudora Welty1707 Words   |  7 PagesMichelle Andrews Dr. Goss ENGLISH 1102 9 February 2016 A Worn Path In the Eudora Welty’s ‘‘A Worn Path’’, there is a distinct description of characters that live in the era of segregation and the great depression. Because Welty is a native of the south, this story is based from the experiences during her life. Her struggles are relived in the characters of not just â€Å"A Worn Path† but also a lot of her other stories. She uses hidden messages in her stories and includes deep meaning in the simplestRead MoreA Worn Path By Eudora Welty944 Words   |  4 Pagesones you love? In â€Å"A Worn Path,† by Eudora Welty, the reader is taken on Phoenix Jackson’s, the main character’s, journey to the doctor’s office to obtain the medications needed for her ill grandson. Having to commute in such difficult conditions, Phoenix endures through the dense and tiresome woods, stretching from the countryside to the town. After persevering through the long journey to her destination, Phoenix arrive s at the building and receives the medication she needs. Welty concludes the storyRead MoreA Worn Path By Eudora Welty Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesA Worn Path (1940) On an everyday basis people are encountering challenges that stand in their way of them achieving their set goals. However, with determination the vast majority will accomplish the mission they have set out to conquer. In the short story â€Å"A Worn Path† written by Eudora Welty in 1940, Phoenix Jackson, the main character has a mission in which she is trying to complete when she is faced with many challenges. This short story is centered on the challenges that are faced by an elderlyRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12173 Words   |  49 PagesA Worn Path by Eudora Welty Copyright Notice  ©1998−2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.  ©2007 eNotes.com LLC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storageRead MoreA Worn Path By Eudora Welty1495 Words   |  6 PagesIn the short story â€Å"A Worn Path,† the author, Eudora Welty uses mythical, religious, and spiritual symbols as well as the setting to help the reader understand an old African-American woman’s life. Welty also uses the symbolism to represent the hardships old woman has faced during the old woman’s life. The old African-American woman’s name is Phoenix and is on a journey to town as the readers are taken on jou rney through her life. Welty also uses fine details and sentence structure in addition toRead MoreA Worn Path By Eudora Welty879 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story A Worn Path by Eudora Welty she focuses on the journey of an old woman heading into town. She uses ridiculous amounts of imagery which really make the story come to life. I believe this short story to be about a woman that has gotten so old, she has cataracts and it seems, the air of a wise woman. Speaking of wise women, it also shows that she really has grown up on this path- even in her old age, her stumbling blindness she knows the characters of these woods, and the ways inRead MoreA Worn Path By Eudora Welty1441 Words   |  6 Pagesargue that â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty mirrors that of a slave narrative while at the same time illustrates the racism that blacks faced while on their journey to equality. Great descriptions are used to illustrate Phoenix Jackson. In the beginning, Welty states that Phoenix has her head tied in a red rag with a dark striped dress reaching down to her shoe tops and an equally long apron (274). Kevin Moberly notes in his article, â€Å"Toward the North Star: Eudora Welty s ‘A Worn Path’ and the SlaveRead MoreA Worn Path By Eudora Welty762 Words   |  4 PagesStrongest Will Survive Is it true that younger people in better health and conditions will always complete a task better than an older not so well fit person? In these two short stories â€Å"A Worn Path†, by Eudora Welty, and â€Å"To Build a Fire†, by Jack London, shows us how true that is. The protagonists in â€Å"A Worn Path† is named Phoenix Jackson who is an older black women living in Natchez, Mississippi in the 1930s. The protagonists is a man unnamed in â€Å"To Build a Fire† traveling in the Yukon. In both ofRead MoreA Worn Path By Eudora Welty1005 Words   |  5 Pagesracism because the path represents the slavery path when black folks escaped from their owners and most of all their hiding place so they wont find them . Also the woods represents they same symbols as the path because they ran through there in order to lose their own owners. In this story of â€Å"A Worn Path† is about a grown up woman who goes into town to get her grandson some medication. Phoenix risks her life by walking in the empty woods through path she already knows

The Civil War Was The First Modern War - 1289 Words

The Civil War was during 1861-1865 . It was known to be the first modern war . It had very high numbers in death compared to any other war .Because this war followed the Industrial revolution ,this war was the beginning of new technologies, new weapons It was a war fought between the North ( Union) and The South (Confederates). The North did not want to keep slavery but the South did . Slavery was the cause of the separation between the two.There were many laws that were created that started conflicts. Some of those law were created to oppress slaves.Which caused the problems to get bigger. Eventually the U.S. Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act. The Fugitive Slave Act states that if a slave runaway they should be captured and returned to their masters. Section 8 of the Fugitive Slave Act states that anyone who caught a slave would receive a payment of five dollars . Then the Dredd vs. Scott Decision , a decision made by the supreme court , that African Americans, free or ens laved , were not allowed to be citizens . When Lincoln became President he gave freedom to slaves . And because of that decision the South seceded from the Union . Some Evidence will show that slavery was the cause of the Civil War , however ,because of political , social and economic factors , it was not the main cause of the war . In the 1850s , the three main political issues were over whether a new state would become a slave state or a free state , the South Secession from the Union ,Show MoreRelatedThe Civil War- Modern or Napoleonic War? Essay991 Words   |  4 Pages Was the Civil War the first modern war or the last Napoleonic War? This question has plagued historians for years. Joseph Dawson, author of the article â€Å"The First of the Modern Wars?† argues that the Civil War was the first Modern War. His view is the commonly accepted one. Alternatively, in his book Battle Tactics of the Civil War, Paddy Griffith compares the tactics used in the Civil War to those used during Napoleon’s time. He counters the common belief and argues that even though the Civil WarRead MoreInfluences of Civil War Technology 1432 Words   |  6 PagesWar is something that everyone knows about. it is very prominent and chances are throughout the history of the world there is always someone effected by it during any point in time. Wars come and go leaving many good and bad things behind, whichever light it is looked at from, weaponry is always one of those things. War time is notorious for pushing technology to the edge, this including weaponry. There have been several wars that impacted future weaponry but the Civil War is on the farthest awayRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1335 Words   |  6 Pageswith hindsight and the knowledge of warfare of the 21st century it is easy to say that the American Civil War was simply put, a very traditional war. Thinking of modern tactics and a course of numbers and deployment one might come to the conclusion that the Civil War was fought centuries ago; nevertheless, it only occurred 152 years ago. This hard fought national struggle was in fact a very modern war for many simple reasons, including the emergence of a new form of large national government with centralizedRead MoreHistory of Civil War882 Words   |  3 PagesUnfortunately, our modern society has been marred with war and strife over its eventful lifespan. A civil disagreement, when accompanied by mass offenses, often ends with deadly war. Throughout history, many nations have been unable to solve their personal griev ances with one another in a diplomatic manner. In many instances are solves through protest, boycotts and other contentious means. However, in some instances, society elects the worst possible alternative, which is often war. In retrospect, wars have beenRead MoreThe Tensions Of The Civil War988 Words   |  4 PagesThe tensions of the Civil War are very much still alive in the Southern United States one hundred and fifty years after the Confederacy surrendered to Union forces to end the war. While the tensions may have mitigated away from full-fledged war between North and South, there still remain tensions along racial and cultural lines well beyond the war. In Tony Horwitz’s Confederates in the Attic these long standing tensions left over from the war are delved into by Horwitz as he makes his way acrossRead MoreThe Institution Of Slavery And Attitudes Towards It Changed Drastically Throughout The Late 18th And Early 19th Centuries1431 Words   |  6 Pagesattitudes towa rds it changed dramatically in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Describe the changes and explain the various arguments made for and against the expansion of slavery. Who, if anyone, was arguing for abolition and who was defending the institution of slavery? Finally, in your opinion was their room for compromise on the issue of slavery that could have averted conflict? Why or why not? From as far back as history goes there has been slavery and the sad fact is that even today slaveryRead MoreThe American Civil War858 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War was an event that changed the landscape of America and brought it into the modern era. This transition was facilitated by the separation between the emergence of conflict between the North and South, the civil war that ensued, and what the end of the war meant for America. The resulting conflict had turned a separated America into a more united country as the shift from the bloody war lead to the birth of modern America. Firstly, the conflict was a result of ever increasingRead MoreMilitary Historians And Theorists Postulate That Napoleon Invented Modern Warfare916 Words   |  4 PagesNapoleon invented modern warfare. This belief is not true. Although there are aspects of how Napoleon fought that are used by many modern armies today, and his tactics and philosophy of fighting should continue to be studied, Napoleonic warfare is not fundamentally similar to modern warfare. Napoleon implemented ideas that modern armies use today; however the Revolutions in Military Affairs (RMAs) of the Franco-Prussian Wars and American Civil War, and the military revolutions of World War I, and the NuclearRead MoreWarfare During World War I1472 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Civil War and the start of World War I. Within those years numerous technological advancements took place. Many of those advancements directly impacted the warfare in the First World War. The Civil War, also referred to as the first modern war, gave way to an even more modernized style of warfare used during World War I. Much of this modernized technology of warfare had a great impact on how tactics and strategies were used throughout the First World War. Toward the beginning of the Civil WarRead MoreReasons For The Civil War1516 Words   |  7 PagesKaylea Simas U.S. History Mr. Burkey 11 December 2015 The Civil War There had been many misunderstandings between the North and the South in the years that led up to the Civil War, but the most tragic misunderstanding of all was that neither side realized, until it was too late, that the other side was desperate. Not until the war had actually begun would men see that their rivals really meant to fight? By that time it was too late to do anything but go on fighting. Southerners had been talking

European Journal Of Business And Management - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the European Journal Of Business And Management. Answer: Introduction In the current business scenario, one of the key and important considerations for the contemporary business organizations is the human resource management. This is due to the reason that, current business scenario is much more challenging in nature compared to what it was a decade ago. Thus, effective communication among the employees and managing them effectively helps the contemporary business organizations to enhance the skill sets of the employees along with increasing the productivity and effectiveness of the organization (Purce, 2014). In accordance to this theory, various contemporary business organizations initiate the process of teamwork among the employees in order to promote the connectivity. However, there are various challenges and other factors to be considered by the business organizations in initiating the ideal teamwork. Woolworths is one of the leading retail giants operating in the Australia. They are having the majority of the market share with them and are known for their effective customer service (Woolworths, 2018). On the other hand, Woolworths is also being considered as one of the most attractive employers in the Australian region. This is due to the reason that, Woolworths promotes effective and efficient policies of teamwork in their internal organizations. However, as discussed earlier, they are also facing different issues related to the teamwork and management of their employees. In the recent times, teamwork is facing different challenges and issues and it is important for the business organizations to have the effective mitigating process to overcome the issues. This report will discuss about the concept of the teamwork in the organization along with determining the effectiveness of the teamwork for the organization. This report will also discuss about the issues being faced by the team in their workplace. Importance of the communication in the teamwork will also be discussed in this report along with providing recommendations to overcome the issues. Team formation in Woolworths Woolworths is having different departments in their operation across Australia. In accordance to that, teams are being created. Selection of teams on the basis of departmental activities helps Woolworths to generate accurate outcome. For instance, they are having teams for the marketing departments. Thus, having employees in the team for the similar objectives helps the team leader to create the consensus. The members in the team are also being selected based on the qualification and experience of them in the related fields. Thus, team members of marketing department are having the qualification and experience related to the marketing field. Team building activities of Woolworths In the current business scenario, contemporary business organizations initiate the process of teamwork in order to enhance the productivity and communication among the employees (Armstrong Jackson-Smith, 2013). Initiation of the teamwork involves various stages from selecting the right member in the right team to creating the consensus. The first step involves creation of the team (Fapohunda, 2013). This process is the selection and nomination of the right members in the right team with having right expertise and qualifications. This step is important due to the reason that, the effectiveness of the team building is the determining factor for the effectiveness of the whole team. The next step involves the creation of the mutual understanding among the team members. This is important due to the reason that, if there is no mutual understanding among the team members, then the chance of emergence of consensus will also get lowered. The next step is to having an effective leader in the team (Hoch Kozlowski, 2014). This is also a key factor in determining the success of the team due to the fact that, the leadership skill and power of the team leader will determine the effectiveness and productivity of the team members. The leader should be selected based on the qualification and the eligibility. In addition, another factor to be considered in selection of the leader is the acceptability among the members (Ziek Smulowitz, 2014). This is due to the reason that, leaders should have the influence among the team members. The last step in the working of the team is the generation of the consensus among the team members. Consensus is important due to the reason that, different team members will come up with different approaches and opinions, which should be merged in to one final solution. Thus, the effectiveness of a team will get determined by how efficiently the consensus will be created (de Wet, ODonnell Bowie, 2014). In this case also, the relationship among the team members and the influence of the team leader on the team members is a determining factor. Figure: 1 Process of teamwork Team composition Currently Woolworths is having total 1, 75, 000 employees across all their business operations. This large number of employees is not belonging from single culture; rather they are from different social and cultural backgrounds. Thus, Woolworths is having diversified workforce in the organization. Moreover, the entire workforce is having the equal representation of both the genders. They are having equal female representation in the upper management also. Employees are given training to develop multiple skills in order to deal with the organizational challenges. However, employees are being given training based on the department they are working. Team effectiveness in Woolworths As discussed earlier, the majority of the contemporary business organizations are initiating the concept of the teamwork in for their employees. However, there is a difference between the teamwork and the effectiveness of the teamwork (Drouin Bourgault, 2013). This is due to the reason that, teamwork may have negative as well as the positive implications on the business organizations. In the case of Woolworths, team effectiveness will help the organization to effectively manage the employees. This is due to the reason that, initiation of the teamwork will enhance the network and connectivity among the employees. Thus, determination of the requirement and feedback of the employees will be more effective (Hu Liden, 2015). On the other hand, Woolworths is having the benefits of having multi skilled employees in the workplace. This is due to the reason that, with the help of the effective teamwork, employees will have the opportunity to gather different and diverse idea from other team members. Thus, Woolworths is having the advantage of gaining different approaches of solutions for any certain issues. Moreover, customer service of the Woolworths is also getting enhanced with the help of the effective teamwork. This is due to the fact that, the more effective will be the teamwork; the more effective will be the determination of the requirement of the team members. Thus, team members will be more motivated and engaged if their requirement and expectation are being met. Eventually, having motivated employees in the place is helping them to provide quality customer service (Orel Kara, 2014). Employees are more motivated to engage with the customers and to meet their requirements. Thus, the level of customer satisfaction and loyalty is getting increased for Woolworths with the help of the teamwork. Team members in Woolworths have their own online portal, which is being used for the purpose of the communication. Woolworths is having their managers across all levels along with the employees in the portal. Thus, it helps their internal stakeholders in communicating with each other. It also helps the employees to directly communicate with the upper level managers. Effective communication process among the internal stakeholders helps in initiating the consensus in the team. Issues in the teamwork Difference in opinion One of the key issues in the teamwork is the difference in the opinion of the team members or the emergence of the conflict among the team members. This is due to the reason that, each team is having god number of team members from different social and cultural backgrounds. Thus, they will have different approaches in certain situation (Salas et al., 2015). However, issue gets emerged when different team members comes up with different solutions. This is due to the reason that, each member will have certain point of view and they will not be ready to accept the view of others. This cause origination of the conflict in the team. Team diversity Another key issue being faced by Woolworths in their teamwork is the diversity among the employees. Woolworths is having diversified workforce in their organization with having employees from different social and cultural backgrounds (Bond Haynes, 2014). Thus, these employees come up with different approaches and it becomes difficult for the team leader to oppose their views. This is due to the reason that, preferring ones opinion over others will create employee issue in the organization. Team building Another issue in the teamwork is the selection of the right set of members. This is due to the reason that, if the employees with right set of qualifications and approaches are not being selected in the team, then it will be difficult for the team leader to manage the team (Hayano, Hamada Sugawara, 2014). Moreover, building the consensus among the team will also get difficult for the team leader. However, on the other hand, it is also difficult to select the team members according to the expected criterion. Thus, this is one of the key issues being faced in the teamwork. Team communication Another key issue for the teamwork is the ineffective communication. Communication is one of the key elements in having ideal teamwork. Thus, lack of effective communication system in the teamwork will create gap among the employees. Moreover, diversity among the team members will also further create barrier in enhancing the communication in the team (Zhang Venkatesh, 2013). Thus, without having the effective communication process in the team, the expected result cannot get derived. Innovation Another issue being identified is the lack of creativity and innovative thinking among the team members. The basic motive of any team is to generate innovative ideas from the employees. Thus, without having the innovative thinking of the employees, the objective of the team will not be met. It is a challenge for the team leader to generate innovative thinking from the side of the team members. Communication in the teamwork of Woolworths As discussed in the above section, communication is one of the key elements in the teamwork to be considered. This is due to the reason that, initiation of the effective communication process in the teamwork is having multiple benefits for the business organizations. One of the key benefits gained from the effective communication is the cohesiveness among the team members (Karanges et al., 2015). Cohesiveness among the team members will be created if there will be mutual understanding in the team. Thus, communication in the team will help to enhance the connectivity and understanding among the team members. Team building skills also get enhanced with the help of the effective communication process. This is due to the reason that, with the help of the communication process, team leader can communicate with the team members and can effectively determine the requirement of the team members. Another key importance of the communication in the teamwork is the enhancement of the productivity and effectiveness of the team. The more effective will be the process of communication among the team members, the more effective will be the team productivity. This is mainly due to the reason that, with having the effective communication process among the team members and with the team leader, the requirement of the team members will get fulfilled. On the other hand, team leader can share his vision to his team member effectively with the help of the communication process. Thus, the entire process of teamwork will get enhanced along with the team productivity. Recommendations It is being recommended that, Woolworths should initiate the effective diversity management in their organization in order to reduce the issues related to the diversity in the workforce. Initiation of the diversity management will help the organization to promote the equal representation of the employees from different social and cultural backgrounds. Moreover, the employees should be made aware regarding the benefits and advantages to be gained by the team members in the diversified workforce. Thus, it will help the organization to cut off the issue related to the diversity. Another recommended step will be to promote training and development program for the employees. This will enable the employees to have the awareness regarding the benefits of the teamwork along with having the idea of the basic rules to be followed in the team. Thus, the emergence of conflict will get lowered with having trained employees in place (Jehanzeb Bashir, 2013). Moreover, initiation of the training and development program for the employees will help to train and equip the employees and thus the initiation of the innovative thinking will get further enhanced. It is also being recommended that, different communication channel should be initiated in the teamwork. This is due to the reason that, each team will have team members from different social backgrounds. In addition, each member is comfortable in different communication channel. Thus, it is being recommended that, implementation of the different communication channel will help to engage the team members effectively. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that, for the contemporary business organizations such as Woolworths, initiation of the teamwork is having multiple benefits. This report has discussed about the various advantages that can be gained from an effective teamwork. Moreover, there are various issues that can get generated in the teamwork that are being identified and analyzed in this report. In accordance to that, various recommendations are being discussed in this report in order to overcome the identified issues. In addition, this report also concludes that, communication is having the prime importance in the teamwork. Different advantages that can be gained from the initiation of the effective communication process in the teamwork are being discussed in this report. Reference Armstrong, A., Jackson-Smith, D. (2013). Forms and levels of integration: Evaluation of an interdisciplinary team-building project.Journal of Research Practice,9(1), 1. Bond, M. A., Haynes, M. C. (2014). Workplace diversity: A socialecological framework and policy implications.Social Issues and Policy Review,8(1), 167-201. de Wet, C., ODonnell, C., Bowie, P. (2014). Developing a preliminary never eventlist for general practice using consensus-building methods.Br J Gen Pract,64(620), e159-e167. Drouin, N., Bourgault, M. (2013). How organizations support distributed project teams: Key dimensions and their impact on decision making and teamwork effectiveness.Journal of Management Development,32(8), 865-885. Fapohunda, T. M. (2013). Towards effective team building in the workplace.International Journal of Education and Research,1(4), 1-12. Hayano, M., Hamada, D., Sugawara, T. (2014). Role and member selection in team formation using resource estimation for large-scale multi-agent systems.Neurocomputing,146, 164-172. Hoch, J. E., Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of applied psychology,99(3), 390. Hu, J., Liden, R. C. (2015). Making a difference in the teamwork: Linking team prosocial motivation to team processes and effectiveness.Academy of Management Journal,58(4), 1102-1127. Jehanzeb, K., Bashir, N. A. (2013). Training and development program and its benefits to employee and organization: A conceptual study.European Journal of business and management,5(2). Karanges, E., Johnston, K., Beatson, A., Lings, I. (2015). The influence of internal communication on employee engagement: A pilot study.Public Relations Review,41(1), 129-131. Orel, F. D., Kara, A. (2014). Supermarket self-checkout service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty: Empirical evidence from an emerging market.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(2), 118-129. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Salas, E., Shuffler, M. L., Thayer, A. L., Bedwell, W. L., Lazzara, E. H. (2015). Understanding and improving teamwork in organizations: A scientifically based practical guide.Human Resource Management,54(4), 599-622. Woolworths. (2018).Woolworths.com.au. Retrieved 13 January 2018, from https://www.woolworths.com.au/shop/discover/our-brands Zhang, X., Venkatesh, V. (2013). Explaining employee job performance: The role of online and offline workplace communication networks.Mis Quarterly,37(3). Ziek, P., Smulowitz, S. (2014). The impact of emergent virtual leadership competencies on team effectiveness.Leadership Organization Development Journal,35(2), 106-120.

The variety of specifically religious programmes on terrestrial TV Essay Example

The variety of specifically religious programmes on terrestrial TV Paper There are many different types of religious programmes, and seeing that there is so much choice over the five terrestrial channels, the importance of religious television has started to drop. The decline in the viewing of sacred programmes brings forward two major questions: Are people less interested in watching such programmes, or are they, as a society, not as religious as they once were? Religious programmes have always been present for as long as the television has been around. An example of a religious programme is a magazine show. The typical features of a magazine show are a presenter, comments on a variety of different issues relating to religion and faith, interviews with celebrities as well as personal stories from ordinary people. An example of a magazine show is The Heaven and Earth Show, normally shown around mid-day on a Sunday. Before watching the show, I believed that the audience of this programme would be of an old age, and would be people who are very religious, whereas after watching the show, I saw that there was no specific target audience, as the audience was people of all ages. The show concentrates on four main things, reviews, interviews, news and a viewer phone session. The news section talks about topics in which the public has shown interest, which they review. The Heaven and Earth Show also investigates about different parts of religion like the spiritual side. Many famous people and ordinary citizens are both interviewed about their religion, and/or on what they think about a specific religious issue. Ultimately, the phone in section is where people phone in and state their views on an important subject. Conclusively, a magazine show, in my opinion, is very interesting and is not always about religion. We will write a custom essay sample on The variety of specifically religious programmes on terrestrial TV specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The variety of specifically religious programmes on terrestrial TV specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The variety of specifically religious programmes on terrestrial TV specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another type of a religious programme is a religious documentary, which has examples like Everyman and Heart of he Matter. This type of programme sometimes does not even look at religious viewpoints and usually displays a debate or a documentary about something, which is important in the publics eye e.g. the Iraq crisis at the moment. Religious documentaries look at all the viewpoints to then construct a list of arguments for and against the matter. Their ending is quite stereotypical, as they seem to end in such a way that allows the viewer to make up his/her own mind. I am of the opinion that because broadcasters desire to show what society wants to see, new types of religious programmes like religious documentaries and magazine shows, have started to be shown on terrestrial T.V. Worship programmes, such as Songs of Praise, which includes Church ceremonies and hymn singing, have been present from the first days of the television. Conversely, as society has undergone a dramatic change (for example society has now become multi-faith) the stereotype of the typical religious programme has also been altered. Due to this alteration that has occurred in society, worship programmes have been forced to change. Songs of Praise, showed around 6-7pm, has started to include new features. These include features like human-interest stories from ordinary people, inspirational music performances, and how faith has affected their lives. Songs of Praise analyses many different dominations of Christianity, such as Catholics etc. The traditional features of the programme are still shown, for instance the audience can sing along with the hymns as the words actually appear on the television screen. Overall worship programmes have changed by a considerable amount as they have now started to attract viewers from a younger age group. Additionally, religion has always played a role in society; however, the role of religion upon society is now very different to that of the traditional role; consequently numerous new varied religious programmes are being displayed. Traditionally, society was regarded as strictly religious Christians, and people attended Church and prayed there more often. A recent poll displays that 85% of our society still have faith in God or a superior being. Even though this displays that the majority of people still believe in God, we cant categorise them as strictly religious. The change in society has altered the way that people view their religion, and modern-day society can be classified as indistinctly religious. I believe this for several reasons, initially people do not pray as often as they used too. Secondly, many people only focus on their religion, during festivals and religious events. Thirdly and lastly, people do not visit their holy places of worship, as often as they used too. As a consequence of society becoming indistinctly religious, the God slot has officially been eliminated. The God slot is a period of time every day where worship programmes are displayed on T.V. Conversely, due to society not wanting to view such programmes, the only enduring worship programme, Songs of Praise, has been forced to modernise. At first Songs of Praise only illustrated Church ceremonies, but it now concentrates on moral issues and interviewing celebrities, which clearly demonstrates the enormous influence that society has on religious television. The fact that society has become increasingly multi-ethnic and multi-religious has led to many people converting to other religions, which they find right for themselves. Broadcasters must respect this, thus they have began to display religious programmes that do not just focus on Christianity. Conclusively, the variety of religious programmes has increased from just worship programmes to a range of different shows, such as, magazine shows and documentaries etc. I believe that society converting from a strictly religious one to an indistinctly religious one is the main reason as to why this change has occurred.

Is The Secret Sharer an appropriate title for this short story Essays

Is The Secret Sharer an appropriate title for this short story Essays Is The Secret Sharer an appropriate title for this short story Paper Is The Secret Sharer an appropriate title for this short story Paper Essay Topic: Literature In The Secret Sharer, a captain escapes his ship where he was held captive after murdering a member of the crew. He swims to another ship and admits the whole truth to the captain. Both captains have bad relationships with their crew and they empathise with each other. Legatt, who came from the other ship, is to be kept secret from the crew as his life depends on it. They have to keep quiet and whisper. An intense relationship is built up between the two of them. The captain always refers to Legatt as my other self, my double or my second self. This indicates that they belong together such as lovers. It implies that they are one person and are bound together. Legatt tells the captain immediately that he just killed a man and the captain just accepts it without question. He understands why he did it. They trust each other totally. Between them they know everything about each other, they knew each other before their eyes met. For Legatt to expose himself to a complete stranger there would have to be a bond. It is a twisted love at first sight. Another aspect of the titles secretively is brotherhood. The two captains conspire together like brothers. Whispering side by side, with our dark heads together and our backs to the door, anybody bold enough to open it stealthily would have been treated to the uncanny sight of a double captain busy talking in whispers with his other self. They both look alike and are conversing in whispers. They are even sitting the same way. Like two little twin brothers making up some plan, which will guarantee that they get into trouble. This comes before sharing a secret; this is the creation of a secret, which will only be between those two, so effectively they are sharing the secret. Legatts existence is so secret that the captain starts to doubt he even exists. He is so secret that he cannot exist. An irresistible doubt of his existence flickered through my mind. Can it be, I asked myself, that he is not visible to other eyes than mine? He begins to think that Legatt is so secret, that he is imagining him. This shows us that the relationship is so secret and fantastic, that he cannot believe it. Legatt is barely described; we know only that he has dark hair, is pale and resembles the captain. In the beginning he was glowing phosphorescently, which reminds us of ghost. So he is almost spirit like. This reflects the title in that the secrectness of his existence cannot be shared. The captain describes Legatt to be like himself, he is a mirror. The captain can understand Legatt instantly as if he were in his shoes. He shares his very soul with Legatt, which is so unreal he cant believe it. Its double secret, materialistically he cannot tell the crew and has to hide him, and spiritually because he has shared his heart with Legatt. In conclusion, The Secret Sharer is an appropriate title for this account. The title can be interpreted into different meanings all of which can be associated directly to the story. The title focuses wholly on the relationship between the captain and Legatt.

Famous Quotes from Woodrow Wilson

Famous Quotes from Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson (1856-1927), the 28th president of the United States, while not considered a terrific orator- he was more comfortable debating than orating- gave many speeches around the country and in Congress during his tenure. Many of them contained memorable quotations. Wilson's Career and Accomplishments Serving two consecutive terms as president, Wilson distinguished himself by leading the country into and out of the World War I and presiding over landmark progressive social and economic reforms, including the passage of the Federal Reserve Act and the Child Labor Reform Act. The 19th Amendment to the Constitution ensuring all women the right to vote was also passed during his administration. A Virginia-born lawyer, Wilson began his career as an academic, eventually landing at his alma mater, Princeton, where he rose to become president of the university. In 1910 Wilson ran as the Democratic Party’s candidate for New Jersey governor and won. Two years later he was elected president of the nation.   During his first term Wilson grappled with the war in Europe, insisting on U.S. neutrality, however by 1917 it was impossible to ignore German aggression, and Wilson asked Congress to declare war, asserting that â€Å"The world must be made safe for democracy. When the war ended, Wilson was a strong proponent of the League of Nations, a forerunner of the United Nations that Congress refused to join.   Notable Quotations Here are some  of Wilson’s most notable quotes:   The Constitution was not made to fit us like a straitjacket.†- A  speech about â€Å"Americanism† at the Cooper Union, in New York, NY, November 20, 1904.Life does not consist in thinking, it consists in acting.- Announcing his presidential campaign in Buffalo, NY, September 28th, 1912.I am not one of those who believes that a great standing army is the means of maintaining peace, because if you build up a great profession those who form parts of it want to exercise their profession.- from a speech in Pittsburgh, quoted in The Nation, February 3, 1916.I believe in democracy because it releases the energies of every human being.- At the Workingman’s Dinner, New York, September 4, 1912.If you think too much about being re-elected, it is very difficult to be worth reelecting.- Address at the celebration of the rededication of Congress Hall in Philadelphia, October 25, 1913.One cool judgment is worth a thousand hasty counsels. The thing to do is to supply light and not heat.- Address at Soldiers Memorial Hall, Pittsburgh, January 29, 1916. There is a price which is too great to pay for peace, and that price can be put in one word. One cannot pay the price of self-respect.- Speech at Des Moines, Iowa, February 1, 1916.The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make.- on the State of War with Germany during an Address to Congress. April 2, 1917.The Americans who went to Europe to die are a unique breed.... (They) crossed the seas to a foreign land to fight for a cause which they did not pretend was peculiarly their own, which they knew was the cause of humanity and mankind. These Americans gave the greatest of all gifts, the gift of life and the gift of spirit.- speech at the American Memorial Day while visiting American graves at Suresnes Cemetery, May 30, 1919. Sources: Craig H. 1952. Woodrow Wilson as an orator. Quarterly Journal of Speech 38(2):145-148.Wilson W, and Pestritto RJ. 2005 Woodrow Wilson: The Essential Political Writings. Lanham, Massachusetts: Rowman Littlefield.Wilson W, and Hart AB. 1918 [2002]. Selected Addresses and Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific.Wilson, W, and Link, AS. 1993. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson. Princeton University Press.

Humancomputer interaction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Humancomputer interaction - Assignment Example The mental model encompasses operations that work in just like the computer. Most of the computer interfaces developed for visually impaired individuals are designed for those who have not lost their sight completely. Many HCI use several other types of feedback such as haptic and tactile feedback system. However, these interfaces are normally supplemental to the visual communication. As such, it is essential to note that those who have not lost their sight completely will be in an enhanced position to access several computer applications based on the haptic and tactile system, Clifford (2008). When interacting with the computer, some of the critical movements very useful include movement aside (Fig. 1a), pressure (Fig. 1b), static contact (Fig. 1c) and encircle and follow object contour exploration procedures Individuals with no sight or with reduced sight use these model in an analogous way. A significant constituent of the ability to create cognitive models for features in the physical world is closely correlated to the sense of feeling or touching. Touching is the only sense that allows simultaneous input and output interaction with the computer in two directions. The usual interfaces for normal people use only one

Consumer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Consumer behaviour - Essay Example Culture, as far as semiotics is concerned, stands for the way through which people communicate, consciously as well as unconsciously, through various cultural aspects, including visual images and language. Understanding the implicit meaning of such elements, allows marketers to create informed decisions and communicate the messages more efficiently to potential consumers (Lawes, 2002). Theory of Consumer behavior: Theories of consumer behavior constitute a wide area in the field of Microeconomic. Microeconomics discusses behavior of individual agent of an economy, like an individual, a family, a firm etc. Consumers Behavior which is considered to be a major part of Microeconomics discusses how a rational consumer behaves under different circumstances. While discussing a consumer’s behavioral pattern at some particular time under a particular situation theories of consumer behavior take into account elements from a wide range of areas including psychology of a rational consumer , sociological perspectives, anthropology and finally economics. Theories of consumer behavior actually aim at providing rigorous understanding of the decision making process of a ration buyer in a market economy. It also tries to find out impacts on a consumer’s choice of certain things of several actors like family environment, preference pattern of friends, and behavioral pattern of the socio-cultural group he/she belongs to. In the studies on consumer behavior, examination of a consumer’s behavior is mainly based on his/her buying behavior where a consumer is assumed to play the roles of the user of a commodity, the payer of price of the commodity as well as the buyer of the commodity. (Solomon et al. 2006) Consumer behaviour is partly unpredictable, though in some cases the type of marketing strategies might affect the purchasing behaviour of the consumer. There are different sections of consumer in a society formed according to the basis of monthly household inco me for example lower income class, higher income class etc. (Earl and Kemp, 2002; Solomon et al. 2006) The purchasing behaviour of a consumer partly depends on Consumer Psychology. A purchase decision confronts the consumer with a host of potential changes. Most important is the problem structuring that occurs prior to taking any decision: becoming aware of the need or availability of a new product or service, collecting information of alternatives, and thinking about the future circumstances relevant to the purchase decision & also considering the possible outcomes contingent to the decision. Now these types of action vary within the different sections of consumers. In this context the marketing of the product has a quite influence on the consumer purchasing behaviour. (Earl and Kemp, 2002; Zaichkowsky, 2006) At this point of time one question is evident to be raised- is it product marketing that makes people buy products? In the 21st century effects of marketing on consumersâ€⠄¢ purchasing behaviour can not be ignored. In fact it has become a prime factor that determines how a consumer would behave towards a product. In the present world, marketing has become an important phenomenon. Marketing refers to the persuade people in purchasing of the product that is supposed to fulfill a

International Human Resource Management in Japanese Firms Essay Example for Free

International Human Resource Management in Japanese Firms Essay During the 1980s, commentators and researchers of almost every stripe witnessed what was invariably seen as a miracle: the juggernaut Japanese economy. It seemed a perfect system, with all cylinders-from the political coordination of the economy through industrial structure and interfirm interactions to human resources management practices and cooperative relationships on the shop floorclicking at high, flawless speed. In the mindset of the time, one question quickly followed: How could the American economic system, with all its contrasting warts and imperfections, hope to compete against this titan? Now, little more than a decade later, that sighting of a miracle has been downgraded rather substantially. In the words of a Fortune analyst (Powell, 2002), Being compared to Japan these days, economically speaking, is about as low as it gets (p. 91). The reasons for this decline are varied but include many of the same factors that supposedly accounted for its ascendance. Now, Keeley pulls back the curtain even more, exposing a system seemingly trapped in neutral. Keeley, a Westerner fluent in Japanese and professor in international management at Sangyo University in Japan, is well positioned to reveal the inner workings of the Japanese corporation, particularly its international human resources management (IHRM) practices, without the infatuation that marked many of the earlier reports. The inescapable conclusion from this volume: These practices create almost insurmountable competitive disadvantages. In addition, Keeley provides a deep look at the tenets of Japanese culture, the management and personnel practices tied to that culture, and the resulting business practices and organizational dynamics that characterize the modern Japanese corporation. In the process, he also offers up a compelling argument for diversity, not simply as an affirmative action accounting of staffing, but rather as a mindset of inclusion and involvement. For all those who read about the Japanese miracle of the 1980s, this book is an important corrective and should go on your reading list. It can also be recommended to anyone interested in the cross-cultural application or transfer of management or human resources practices, or organizational behavior in a global environment. Keeley launches his analysis with the observation that the greatest challenge Japanese companies face in expanding their foreign direct investment is how to integrate host country national (HCN) managers into the management process of their oversees subsidiaries as well as that of the parent companies themselves (p. ). The reasons why such integration is important are clear and simple: competitive advantage in a global economy requires that a multinational company (MNC) be able to tap the talents of local HCN managers; to do this, the MNC must be able attract, retain, and develop talented HCN managers. Absent this, the MNC will forfeit local expertise as well as violate host country antidiscrimination laws, something for which Japanese MNCs have a certain notoriety. More specifically, Keeley argues, the IHRM practices of Japanese MNCs are their Achilles heel, and this is due to the fact that the Japanese system of management is so culture dependent that it is difficult to incorporate nonJapanese into the system, making internationalization of their organizations problematic. (p. 9) This theme is examined more fully in Chapter 2, looking at the issues of cross-culture management and the importance of national culture on organizational dynamics. For example, using Hofstedes (1991) national cultures variables, it is the work group-not the individual-that is the foundation of the Japanese organization. Japanese management techniques, such as lifetime employment, consensual decision making, and rewarding group members equally, are built upon the group. In Chapter 3, Keeley examines the three HRM practices that characterize the larger, global Japanese MNC: lifetime employment, a senioritybased wage system, and company-dominated unions. He also discusses the unique leadership role played by the personnel department. It is in this context that he reviews other distinctive features, like the long work hours of Japanese managers and the after-hours workgroup socializing that follows. Contending that this practice is essential to Japanese management, it is not common elsewhere, and Japanese managers find it difficult to manage without it. In this chapter, Keeley also does a good job reviewing the key traits of Japanese culture that so affect their HRM practices, including: strong ethnocentrism; an emphasis on the responsibilities of a (corporate) household (like paternalistic familism); harmony and loyalty in the context of vertically defined relationships; and the rigid separation of public face from private, personal feelings. Keeley also discusses how educational institutions are used as recruiting sources for corporate staffing. Although aspects of his review of Japanese culture, history, and institutions may be familiar to some, the coverage of Japanese IHRM practices in Chapter 4 is probably not. According to Keeley, Japanese firms were slow to move into investing in foreign sites and facilities, and it was not until the 1990s that Japan became a major foreign investor. Even so, only 8% of its manufacturing capacity was moved off shore, relatively small compared to the 17% for U. S. and 20% for German firms. On a continuum of IHRM practices, ranging from ethnocentric operations at one end to fully open and integrated global operations at the other, most Japanese firms would be classified as ethnocentric. Further, management positions in Japanese subsidiaries are invariably filled by native Japanese. Over the last 30 years or so, Japanese firms have consistently employed three to four times as many parent country nationals (PCNs) in manager jobs as have U. S. or European subsidiaries. Ethnocentric IHRM practices are also found in such other conditions as lack of local decision-making autonomy, demands for selecting and training PCN managers, substantial communication problems between PCN and HCN managers in Japanese subsidiaries, and even the pariah treatment that repatriating PCN managers experience when returned to Japan. In Chapter 5, Keeley continues his close and critical look at the interactions between culture and organizational behavior by examining communication and decision-making practices. This analysis is supported by the findings of his survey of Japanese subsidiaries in Singapore, Malaysia, and Australia in 1994 and 1996, as presented in Chapter 6. In the final chapter, Keeley draws out the implications of his analysis. HCN managers play a limited role in the management of local subsidiaries, with most decisions made at headquarters in Japan and communicated directly to the Japanese managers on site without local HCN manager involvement. These conditions make working for a Japanese subsidiary unattractive to many ambitious HCN managers, putting Japanese firms at a relative competitive disadvantage in the labor market. More generally, Japanese management practices are difficult to transfer to foreign operations and indeed may actually impede efficient and effective local operations. Both Japanese culture and their business operations create formidable barriers to effective integration. In short, Japanese MNCs seem tuck in an ethnocentric mode of operation that virtually dooms them to long-term mediocrity in the global economy. Keeley concludes that in order for them to succeed in a global economy, Japanese companies must transcend their ethnocentric attitudes and IHRM policies and practices and look at diversity, not as a defeat, but as a strength. Although some firms have recently begun to acknowledge this, most show little interest. International Human Resource Management offers an abundance of information and insight into the global HR operations of Japanese firms. In addition, it also provides an intriguing, more general assessment of the challenges involved in managing cross-culturally and the importance of effective diversity management. The book is well written. The frequent use of acronyms, like HCN and PCN, eventually becomes easy to follow. Though I found Chapter 6 on the authors own research somewhat anticlimatic, all in all this is a fascinating tour book and is recommended without hesitation.

The Republic by Plato Essay -- essays research papers

The Republic by Plato At the beginning of Book I, we are introduced to the narrator, Socrates, and his audience of peers. We are made aware, however, of Socrates' special charm and intellectual gifts through the insistence of Polemarchus and the other men for the pleasure of his company. The tone is casual and language and modes of expression rather simple, as is commonly the case in Plato's dialogues. However, Plato's unaffected style serves at least two purposes. For one it belies the complexity and elevation of the ideas, thus it is in accord with Socrates' characteristic irony itself, which draws the "fool" in by feigned ignorance, only so that the master can show that he does not know what he thinks he knows. And second, the plainness of style complements truth and wisdom, the aim of all the dialogues, which by nature are aphoristic. In Socrates' conversation with Cephalus, the proper approach to aging and the state of old age is addressed. Although other men Cephalus' age commonly complain that for them, "life is no longer life," Cephalus feels that they misattribute discomfort and unhappiness resulting from their defective characters to advanced age. Building on a statement by Sophocles, Cephalus concludes, "he who is of a calm and happy nature will hardly feel the pressure of age." Socrates' inquiry as to whether Cephalus' happiness owes to the comfort of wealth demands a qualification of this position? That while a man's nature ultimately determines his peace of mind in old age; wealth is also an undeniably important factor. The passage concerning justice illustrates Socrates' dexterous intellect and his dogged skepticism. Playful and humorous at times, the conversation ends, at several points, in absurd--and apparently inexorable--conclusions such as that the just man is a thief. What is at work here is another type of irony, in which Socrates and his auditors accept as a temporary resolution what the dialogue's audience, i.e. the reader, cannot. Here, Plato grants the reader space to think for himself. A central problem with Polemarchus' definition (borrowed from Simonides) a form of conventional morality of justice, "doing good to your friends and harm to your enemies," is the vulnerability of its individual terms. Not surprisingly, Socrates probes each one, exposing any and all weaknesses or limitatio... ...es itself on the wisdom. The souls of the wicked are a more complicated issue, for, insofar as they are immortal, evil cannot destroy them. However, Plato warns, there are various manifest parts to the soul, and evil-doing damages these. And unjust men also injure their own bodies and the bodies of others. In any case the afterlife is what is most important; there the good soul enjoys the benefits it may or may not have experienced in life. The moral of the tale of Er, if we may drain it of its color, is that of the eternal return, or recurrence. After death the soul is ultimately judged. This judgment determines the owner of the soul's order of choice in lots for the next life. Then, whatever wisdom he has accumulated previously helps him make his choice when his lot comes up. Both moments are essential because they represent choices between good and evil. One is an ongoing choice, alive in mortal life, and the other is the ultimate choice the sum of what the soul has learned in life. Man is responsible for his own behavior, says Plato. And the final twist is that, it seems, the wise man does not really forget, since if he is truly wise he will choose yet another wise existence.

The Odyssey, Analysis of Hubris, Ate, Nemesis

The Cycle That Continues Today Many people get off a plane and think that was a terrible trip because the security lines were long, the flight was delayed, and the food was terrible. Odysseus’ journey is guaranteed to be a hundred times harder. He spends ten years trying to get home after the Trojan War and has a series of mishaps along the way. Homer, who was a famous bard in Ancient Greece, tells Odysseus’ story in the epic poem, the Odyssey. Throughout the poem, many characters go through the cycle of Hubris, Ate, and Nemesis, causing hardships that never needed to happen, and their mistakes teach readers lessons.The cycle begins when a character is arrogant, acts upon it, and then gets punished based on their actions. Iros, a beggar, decides that he doesn’t want to share the space with Odysseus, who he thinks is a weak old beggar, but he pays in the end. The suitor, Antinoos, leads the pack of men taking over Odysseus’ castle; he dies for his disloyal actions toward the king. Finally, Odysseus’ plan to return to Ithaka is slowed by over eight years after he angers Poseidon’s son by being arrogant. Iros isn’t closely related to the suitors or Odysseus but he still goes through the cycle.Iros’ experience with the cycle results in a loss of food and shelter after he commits his Ate. Iros meets an old and weak beggar whom he thinks he is better than because he is much younger and looks stronger. Then, during his Ate, he challenges the beggar to a fight for the castle‘s Great Hall. In his Nemesis, the beggar, who is actually Odysseus, breaks his jaw in the first punch and then hurts his leg with just a quick kick. Readers can learn through Iros not to judge others by their looks or age. Before the fight, Iros encourages the suitors to pay attention and cheer him on.Iros tells Odysseus, â€Å"Clear-out grandfather or be hauled by the ankle bone. See them all giving me the wink? That means, ‘Go o n and drag him out! ’ I hate to do it. Up with you! Or would you like a fist fight† (Fitzgerald 335). When Iros commits his Ate, he angers Odysseus by insulting him. This shows that people should learn to share, and not take advantage of elders. The cycle continues throughout the story in Antinoos. During Odysseus’ absence, Antinoos thinks he can take over the castle and his wife; this causes him to lose his life.When Odysseus doesn’t return from the Trojan War, people begin to question if he is alive or not. Antinoos and the other suitors decide to take advantage of this opportunity by invading the castle. His Ate is committed when they drink Odysseus’ wine, slaughter his cattle, and mistreat Penelope, Odysseus’ wife, and the other servants. When Odysseus finally returns, still disguised as a beggar, Antinoos throws a chair at him. In the end, his nemesis is being the first suitor to die, since he is the leader of the pack.Readers can learn not to take advantage of others or take what has not been earned. Odysseus and his most trusted servants lock the suitors in the Great Hall, in order to try to kill them. Homer writes, â€Å"He drew the cruel head of an arrow for Antinoos just as the young man leaned to lift his beautiful cup†¦ Odysseus hit him under the chin and punched up the feather through his throat† (Fitzgerald 409). Antinoos’ Nemesis is death at the hand of Odysseus’ arrow, and it is revenge for taking over his castle. Although Odysseus causes the Nemesis of Iros and Antinoos, he experiences the cycle himself.Even though Odysseus is considered the hero of the poem, he still goes through the Hubris, Ate, and Nemesis cycle. In order to escape Polyphemos’ cave, where he is trapped, Odysseus blinds the Kyklopes. After escaping the cave, he boards the ship and with arrogance reveals his name and where he is from. In anger, the Kyklopes asks his dad, Poseidon, to punish Odysseus by making it almost impossible to return to Ithaka, Odysseus’ home, this is his Nemesis. The lesson the reader can learn is that boasting can get in the way of the ultimate goal. Bragging makes others even more mad, and they try to get revenge.Odysseus couldn’t just leave quietly. Polyphemos tells his dad everything he knows and how to punish him. He yells, â€Å"Oh hear me lord, blue girdler of the islands, if I am thine indeed, and thou art father: grant that Odysseus, raider of cities, never see his home again. Laertes son, I mean, who kept his hall on Ithaka. Should destiny intend that he shall see his roof again among his family in his fathers land, far be that day, and dark the years between. Let him lose all companions, and return under strange sail to biter days home† (Fitzgerald 161). Polyphemos determines Odysseus’ fate.It takes ten years for him to return home finally. All of his crew dies, and when he arrives, he finds that suitors have invaded h is castle. The lessons learned from Odysseus’ mistakes are important for people today, not only for people the past. Arrogance can’t always be controlled, and still today self-importance gets in the way of peoples life goals. The Odyssey’s exciting adventure teaches lessons about life and human nature. None of the characters are perfect, so this allows people to relate to their personalities and mistakes, keeping this poem popular.

Assessment Unit 002 Understanding Inclusive Learning and Teaching in Lifelong Learning

6302 Level 3 Award in Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector Unit 002 Understanding Inclusive Learning and Teaching in Lifelong Learning Name: Date: Word Count: 1. 1 Summarise learning and teaching strategies used in own specialism As a First Aid Instructor, I deliver a variety of courses lasting between one to three days in duration. I try and vary my teaching styles depending on the subject and also on the learning styles of the students. Achieving the correct balance is quite a challenge. I address all these different learning styles I use a range of teaching methods.At the start of a training session I use an ice-breaker to let the students introduce themselves and it also gives me a chance to guage the depth of their knowledge. I then give my aim of the session and explain my objectives. Within the session itself I will use power point, incorporating photos and videos. I will then do a practical presentation, initially with no explanation then I will repeat the demon stration with explanation. Finally I will ask the student to demonstrate the skill, providing the commentary. The teaching technique is known as EDIP, explanation, demonstration, imitation, practise.I like to have a flip chart and will use it to expand on any subject should I be required to. They way in which we learn is partly dependent on the type of learning that is involved. There are three types of domains of learning. They are Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor. Cognitive learners require the ‘thought process’ style i. e. knowing the ‘how’ and ‘why’. These candidates will love learning facts, figures, the understanding processes and problem solving. For example, what makes the heart beat, the different rhythms of the heart and what happens if the heart has an irregular beat†¦.A student with Affective learning involves the use and demonstration of emotions, feelings or attitudes towards other people. These candidates will be the typ e of people who understands the need for patient consent or the need for early defibrillation. A student with Psychomotor type of learning will have the manual and physical skills and will like to have a hands-on approach. They will enjoy the chance to practise CPR on a manikin and relish the thought of tying someone up in bandages. These three styles of learning were brought about by a man called Benjamin S Bloom (1913-1999).Bloom's (and his colleagues') initial attention was focused on the ‘Cognitive Domain', which was the first published part of Bloom's Taxonomy, featured in the publication: ‘Taxonomy Of Educational Objectives: Handbook 1, The Cognitive Domain' (Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill, Krathwohl, 1956). The ‘Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook II, The Affective Domain' (Bloom, Masia, Krathwohl) as the title implies, deals with the detail of the second domain, the ‘Affective Domain', and was published in 1964.Various people suggested detail for the third ‘Psychomotor Domain', which explains why this domain detail varies in different representations of the complete Bloom Taxonomy. The three most popularly referenced versions of the Psychomotor Domain seem to be those of RH Dave (1967/70), EJ Simpson (1966/72), and AJ Harrow (1972). From these domains we have four types of learners – active, reflective, theorists and experimental. Active learners like to learn something by doing it immediately. They can get impatient and often won’t bother to read the instructions or manual, they like to find out for themselves.Reflective learners are those who prefer to ‘wait and see’. They sit back, watch others, and think about it before acting. They like to take their time. Theorists like to know what things really mean or how does it fit with something. They are logical and objective. They will always think things through and can be perfectionists. Experimental learners like to experiment. They are i nspired by training courses and want to test out their new found skills. They try and find more effective ways of doing things. They may take short cuts or devise their own methods of working. They like problem solving and pick things up quickly.They can get frustrated if not able to try something for themselves quickly. To address all these different learning styles I use a range of teaching methods. At the start of a training session I use an ice-breaker to let the students introduce themselves and it also gives me a chance to guage the depth of their knowledge. I then give my aim of the session and explain my objectives. Within the session itself I will use power point, incorporating photos and videos. I will then do a practical presentation, initially with no explanation then I will repeat the demonstration with explanation.Finally I will ask the student to demonstrate the skill, providing the commentary. The teaching technique is known as EDIP, explanation, demonstration, imita tion, practise. I like to have a flip chart and will use it to expand on any subject should I be required to. 1. 2 Explain how approaches to learning and teaching in own specialism meet the needs of learners They way in which we learn is partly dependent on the type of learning that is involved. There are three types of domains of learning. They are Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor. For detailed explanation please refer to question 1. To ensure that I have met the needs of the learner I continually observe and assess the students. I will have questions and answer sessions at regular intervals and also like to use quizzes to include a fun element. These may be done on an individual or team basis. It will promote a sense of competition and hopefully motivate the student to learn. In a team situation it is excellent for team building and also encourages the group to share ideas and listen to each other. The practical sessions will particularly appeal to the Activist learners as the y like to get involved and hands on.It will allow the student to practise their skills in a controlled environment. I ask students if they are willing to share any experiences, maybe first aid situations where they have been actively involved. This gives the students a chance to share real life stories and explain how the theory compares with real life scenarios. This would appeal to the Theorist learners. 1. 3 Describe aspects of inclusive learning If several teaching techniques are incorporated then the needs of the majority of students will be catered for. If a student has a particular disability then special provisions may need to be made for them.Should a student be dyslexic then several adjustments can be made to accommodate their learning needs. Any printed text would be printed on pastel shades of yellow paper and larger font could be used. It would be beneficial to sit the student in as much natural light as possible as fluorescent lighting can prove difficult for them. I w ould use more pictures than text to enhance their learning experience,. A partially sighted student could be given a seat that affords the best view of the trainer and training aids. If necessary consider the possibility of video recording devices.Learners with hearing disabilities – l would make sure they are seated as near to the front as possible. I would also include as many visual aids as possible to assist their learning. I would also give handouts of all topics covered to ensure nothing had been missed. If a learner had a physical disability I would need to consider access and also make room for a wheelchair in the classroom. I would need to be prepared to take any training aids that the student required directly to them. 2. 1 Explain how to select inclusive learning and teaching techniquesDyslexia – Lots of visual pictures and discussion. Lots of practical sessions to learn the different techniques,. Partially sighted learner – Lots of oral instruction a nd discussions. Question and answers sessions as opposed to written work. Physical disability – Train them the theory and techniques of first aid so that they are able to instruct someone else what to do in the case of a medical emergency. Hearing disabilities – More visual aids and practical demonstrations. Handouts to reinforce knowledge. 2. 2 Explain how to select resources that meet the needs of learnersIt is my responsibility to select the range of equipment that is required on the course. Depending on the needs of the students I will select the resources required to get the desired learning levels. For example, in the case of a dyslexic learner I may need pastel coloured paper for handouts. My power point presentation may need to be adjusted to include more pictures and videos. 2. 3 Explain how to create assessment opportunities that meet the needs of learners There are two ways to gain assessments and make sure learning has occurred.These are Formative and Summa tive assessments. I would gain an Initial Assessment at the start of the course to assess the level of knowledge and understanding of the student. This could be done by asking the student to introduce themselves, including these details. Formative Assessment is part of the instructional process. If the knowledge base isn’t at the required level for that stage of the course then I would have to go back over the session to reinforce the learning. Maybe it would require a change of teaching skills to accommodate the learning style of the student.It is important to carry out a formative assessment at an early stage and to repeat it during the middle of the session to ensure than any adjustments to the teaching can take place effectively. Summative Assessment is used at the end of a session in order to confirm that the desired levels of learning have been reached. I would summarise the learning points then assess the levels of knowledge using a variety of methods. The results of t his final assessment must be given and doubts cleared immediately to motivate the student to progress further.In order to make these assessments I have a range of methods that I can use. I may use question and answer sessions, these are particularly useful to dyslexic learners. I may decide to hand out work sheets to be completed or ask the learners to participate in a quiz. During the period of instruction I would be making observational assessments. Any official assessment would need to be recorded. 2. 4 Explain how to provide opportunities for learners to practice their literacy, language, numeracy and ICT skills Literacy – there are many ways in which a learner can practice their literacy skills.At the start of a course there are documents which need to be completed, for example, personal details and qualifications held. During the course work sheets may need to be filled in and the learners can also practice filling in accident report forms. Numeracy – In the CPR practical sessions, learner will have the opportunity to count up to 30 whilst performing compressions on the manikin. These must be done at a ratio of 30:2 with rescue breaths. Language – The learners will have plenty of opportunity to practise their language skills. This may be through group discussion, role play or asking questions.First aiders need good communication skills when dealing with patients as they can be very distressed and frightened. ICT – learners will have the opportunity to practice their ICT skills by using an Automated External Defibrillator and looking at an epi-pen. To embed the skill the learner will be given plenty of opportunities during the course to practice. It will be my responsibility to ensure that the learner can confidently perform the tasks that are asked of them. 3. 1 Explain ways to engage and motivate learners in an inclusive learning environmentIt is important to know the motive for the learner’s attendance on the course. They might be attending because they have to or they might be really interested in first Aid and want to develop their knowledge base. Whatever their reason it is wise to point out the advantages of attending the course and how it can help them, their friends and other members of their family should an emergency situation arise. Ice breakers are useful tools to initially engage the learners and to put them at ease. It can also help them feel more part of the group. I could also use ‘David Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory’ (ELT) see diagram at back.Kolb's model therefore works on two levels – a four-stage cycle: 1. Concrete Experience – (CE) – Having an experience 2. Reflective Observation – (RO) – Reviewing the experience 3. Abstract Conceptualization – (AC) – Conclusion from the experience 4. Active Experimentation – (AE) – Planning what is next from the experience The learners could be told that at the end of the session there will be a quiz and the winner will receive whatever is on the instructors desk†¦I make sure that there is a box of chocolates there as these are definite motivators.If there are dyslexic learners present I would may make the quiz a photo quiz . I could also ask the learners to work in small groups so that they coud help each other out. If a learner with ADHD was present I would give regular encouragement and keep them informed how long a session was going to last. If necessary I would suggest that they stand and maybe walk around the classroom rather than staying in a static position if there are no practical demonstrations involved. 3. 2 Summarise ways to establish ground rules with learners to promote respect for othersI would promote respect for others by giving the responsibility of setting ground rules to the learners. It could be an initial ice breaker activity, maybe putting them in small groups to come up with ideas. They could then come together as a group and vote on which rules should be included. These should make everyone feel part of the decision making process and it also gives them ownership of the ground rules. When the ground rules have been agreed upon and written out I would display it in the classroom in a prominent position.If a learner was to break the rules more than a couple of times then I would draw their attention to the displayed list. If a learner was to persist in breaking the ground rules then I would have to take them aside and speak to them. If it was becoming a distraction to the other learners and affecting the learning within the classroom then I would take a firm stance and warn the learner that they may have to remove themselves from the course. 3. 3 Explain ways to give constructive feedback that motivates learners Feedback is an important part of the course.It doesn’t have to be formal, it could just be a smile or a nod. It can also be given as written feedback. Feedback shoul d always follow the following format – †¢ Positive – praise the candidate †¢ Negative/improvement – pick up on the key areas only †¢ Positive – always leave the candidate on a high note and a good feeling of achievement. The learner could be asked how they felt that the last piece of work went. In which areas did they perform well and which areas could be improved on. This is called self-assessment.Invariably students are their worst critics and are very hard on themselves. However, it does allow the student to have their own input and feel part of the process. Identify the areas that went well for them but do not go into too much detail. The add constructive feedback on areas that can be improved. Make suggestions on how they can develop their skills in these areas. Finally, point out something positive, an area that worked really well for the learner. This will give them a sense of achievement and motivate them to progress further.If the learner suffered from dyslexia then any written feedback would be printed on pastel coloured paper, in the colour that was suitable for the learners needs. It would be reinforced with verbal feedback which would cover all the points raised in the written feedback. References RH Dave (1967/70) EJ Simpson (1966/72) AJ Harrow (1972). ‘Taxonomy Of Educational Objectives: Handbook 1, The Cognitive Domain' (Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill, Krathwohl, 1956). David Kolb – 1984 – ‘Experiential Learning: Experience as The Source of Learning and Development'

Collapse of the Aral Sea essays

Collapse of the Aral Sea essays The breakup of the Former Soviet Union has forced those now independent states into a state of confusion. Republics that were once one nation now are separate governments. They now must compete for trade alliances, industrial resources, financial resources, and most importantly, agricultural resources. An area of developed concern is the Aral Sea. The Aral Sea was once the fourth largest lake in the world, located in Kazakstan and Uzbekistan, but between 1960 and 1990, the Aral Sea dropped into the sixth position. By 1980, more than 95 percent of the inflow into the Aral Sea was diverted for irrigational purposes. Due to financial competition, and policies that gave preference to irrigation for agriculture, the Soviet Satellites withdrew unprecedented amounts of water from the two rivers feeding the Aral Sea. These two rivers were the only sources of inflow into the Aral Sea; their names are Syr Darya and Amu Darya. Much of the biological diversity has disappeared, of the 24 differen t species that once thrived in this lake, only four remain. If these processes continue, this lake has the potential to become a lifeless brine lake. There are many different by-products of this disaster ranging from the decline in fish population diversity to a rise in the amount of brutal sand storms to declining human health in the area. Since the collapse of the Aral Sea, millions of people living in the surrounding area have developed some type of health problem. From mild allergies to thyroid cancer, these effects are serious. Scientists have determined a major contributor to the cause of these diseases are winds that whip the salt on the receding shoreline into the air, creating blinding sand storms. Since the 1960s the amount of occurrences of these storms have increased sixty fold. The salt is carried over a hundred miles and is deposited on land where it reduces the productivity of the land. The main reason for diverting the water flow into ...

The 6 Cases of Latin Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

The 6 Cases of Latin Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives There are six  cases of Latin nouns that are commonly used. Another two- locative and instrumental- are vestigial and are not often used.   Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and participles are declined in two numbers  (singular  and  plural) and in six principal cases. The Cases and Their Grammatical Position in Sentences Nominative (nominativus):  Subject of the sentence.Genitive (genitivus):  Generally translated by the English possessive, or by the objective with the preposition  of.Dative (dativus): Indirect object.  Usually translated by the objective with the preposition  to  or  for.Accusative (accusativus): Direct object of the verb and object with many prepositions.  Ablative (ablativus): Used to show means, manner, place, and other circumstances. Usually translated by the objective with the prepositions from,  by,  with,  in, at.Vocative (vocativus): Used for direct address. Vestigial Cases: Locative  (locativus):  Denotes the place where. This vestigial case is often left out of Latin noun  declensions. Traces of it appear in names of towns and a few other words: RÃ… mae (at Rome)  /  rÃ… «rÄ « (in the country). Still another vestigial  case, the instrumental, appears in a few adverbs.​ All the cases, except the nominative and vocative, are used as object cases; they are sometimes called oblique cases (cÄ sÃ… «s oblÄ «quÄ «). Five Declensions of Nouns and Their Endings Nouns are declined according to gender, number, and case (a declension is essentially a fixed pattern of endings). There are only  five  regular declensions of nouns in Latin; there is a sixth for some pronouns and adjectives that end in -ius in the genitive case form.  Each noun is declined according to number, gender, and case. This means that there are six sets of case endings for five declensions of nouns- one set for each declension. And students have to memorize them all. Below are brief descriptions of the five noun declensions, with links to the full declension for each, including the case endings for each declension. 1.  First declension nouns: End in -a in the nominative singular and are feminine. 2. Second declension nouns: Most are masculine and end in -us, -er or -ir.Some are neuter and end in -um. Esse: The all-important  irregular verb esse (to be) belongs to this group.  Words associated with it are in the  nominative  case. It does not take an object and should never be in the accusative case. The following is a sample paradigm* of the second declension masculine noun somnus, -i (to sleep). The case name is followed by the singular, then the plural. *Note that the term paradigm is frequently used in discussions of Latin grammar; a paradigm is an example of a conjugation  or  declension showing a word in all its inflectional forms. Nominative somnus somniGenitive somni somnorumDative somno somnisAccusative somnum somnosAblative somno somnisLocative somni somnisVocative somne somni 3.  Third declension nouns:  End in -is  in the genitive singular.  Thats how you identify them. 4.​ Fourth declension nouns: Ending  in  -us are masculine, apart from manus and domus, which are feminine. Fourth declension nouns ending  in -u are neuter. 5. Fifth declension nouns: End in -es and are feminine.The exception is  dies, which is usually masculine when singular and always masculine when plural.

Sedimentary Rocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sedimentary Rocks - Essay Example The key characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is that they are layered. Although there cover of the earth’s crust is extensive (about 75 per cent), sedimentary rocks only constitute about five per cent of the total volume of the crust. The earth’s crust mainly consists of the igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks are vital sources of the natural resources such as coal and drinking water (Stille and Fichter, 2008). Formation of Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks are usually formed in areas where there is water or water had existed in one particular time. The dead materials of animals, plants, and pieces of rocks or minerals are then transported to these areas (water bodies) by wind, water, ice, or gravity where they are often dropped off and sink to the bottom. At the bottom of the water bodies, they little by little begin to form layers which build on top of one another. This puts pressure on the lower layers thus the weight of all of the layers pushes down the lower layers until they harden into rock.   This process does not occur in few years but takes millions of years to happen.   During this process, the water body dries up and the sedimentary layer that used to be under water becomes a surface layer (Boggs, 1995). Categories of Sedimentary Rocks According to Stille and Fichter (2008), sedimentary rocks are categorized into three main groups based on sediment type. The three categories include: Clastic Sedimentary Rock: they are formed from mechanical weathering debris. Examples include sandstone, conglomerate and breccias. Organic Sedimentary Rocks: they are formed from accumulation of dead plant and animal materials. Examples include coal and some limestones. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: they are formed by precipitation of dissolved materials from solutions. Examples include some limestones and rock salt. Distinguishing Characteristics between the Three Categories of Sedimentary Rocks Clastic Sedimentary Rocks These are the most common type of sedimentary rocks and are comprised of granular materials which occur in sediments. Clastic rocks largely consist of surface minerals such as clay, feldspar and quartz which are formed as a result of physical breakdown of rocks and alteration of rocks chemically. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified according to the size of the particle which is dominant in the rock. For example, Breccia is composed of large angular fragment, sandstone is composed of sand size weathering debris and conglomerate is made up of large rounded particles. Clastic sedimentary rocks have clastic texture; they are made up of clasts (Stille and Fichter, 2008). Organic Sedimentary Rocks Organic sedimentary rocks are composed of organic matter: animal and plant fragments. This type of rock is usually formed in two ways. One type (which includes limestone and chest) forms in the sea due accumulation of dead plankton shells whereas as the other one (coal) is formed due accumulation of dead plant on the earth surface (Boggs, 1995). Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by inorganic precipitation of supersaturated mineral constituents. They form within the depositional basin from components of chemicals dissolved in water. Unlike clastic sedimentary rocks, the direct origin of chemicals is not east to esteblish. The chemicals could originate from magma or from an

DNA Barcoding Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DNA Barcoding - Lab Report Example The protocol utilizes short sequences of organisms to characterize them. These oligonucleotides fall in positions in the genome which are agreed upon and its standard for a particular genome of interest. The DNA barcode sequences are also rather short in comparison to the entire genome and can be extracted with relative ease utilizing cheap methods. For instance, the cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 mitochondria region (COI) has in the recent times being the standard barcode region for higher animals. One define characteristic of the DNA barcode is its commonality within a species (within species) and variations among species (without species). ie for a selected DNA barcode of a particular species there exists ranging differences and these differences are minor in individuals of the same species to gurantee the sequence segment to be used as a barcode. In obtaining the DNA for branding, the mayfly should be killed in a ‘DNA friendly fashion’ by avoiding the use of preservation agents such formalin which may degrade DNA. Genomic DNA is isolated via the fast DNA extraction method from fresh or frozen specimens. Combination of Chelex protocol with Proteinase K may rule out the need for tissue disruption while guaranteeing the release of DNA leaving chitinous material left intact. PCR amplification is done with an optimal primer specific for the barcode region. The barcode products obtained from the PCR are in most instances sequences bidirectional and later deposited in the barcode reference library.  

Student Support in Open and Distance Learning Essay

Student Support in Open and Distance Learning - Essay Example Quoting Nonyongo (2002), Tait (2003) said the UNISA was not successful due to low success in terms of completion and throughput rates, the correspondence nature of programmes in comparison with well-functioning distance education, and inadequate learner support which is exacerbated by the lack of a co-ordinated regional network of learning centers. From here, Tait (2003) emphasizes the dangers of developing distance education without learner support. In contrast to UNISA, Tait (2003) describes the Open University UK established in 1969 with modern distance education endowed with a range of teaching and learning media and forming an integrated student support system. The characteristics of the systems included a personal tutor for each student (one tutor for every 25 students), tutor feedback, computer-mediated tutorials, 260 study center networks, residential school experience at a minimum of one week, and career advice. Tait (2003) then explains the main reasons for having student support integrated in an ODL system. First, the students want support. Second, drop-out rate can be reduced; and third, the nature of learning is such that the use of the Web has expanded the potential for learning outside or independently of teaching materials provided. He then summarizes the rationale for student support as being cognitive, affective, and systemic altogether. In other words, learning is both supported and developed; it relates to emotions supporting learning and its success; and the students themselves help manage the rules supporting their persistence (Tait, 2000). In particular, Tait (2003) espouses Michael Moore's (1993) theory of transactional distance as a framework that may be used to understand student needs in a web-based learning environment. Accordingly, Moore believes that the space between the learner and the structure of teaching must be mediated by dialogue, giving the chance to the learner to participate actively in his learning. Tait (2003), however says, the theory needs to be challenged as all theories do by the application of new cases. As the article opened up, I get the feeling that Tait (2003) is plugging for the Open University of UK because he worked there as faculty. As the article progressed, however, he presented many points valid from experience, and he became more credible. Words like, "power of mere asynchronous text to create and sustain interpersonal engagement" is true to the experience of many in this cyber-age. This now highlights the truism that face-to-face interaction may also suffer from various "distance" like psychological, interpersonal, cultural, linguistic, environmental, and the like. Tait (2003) is well-versed with his topic on student support in web-based learning environments. Prior to this writing, he had already written scholarly publications on student support and distance learning from 1996 to 2000 to 2002. By the time he wrote this reflective item, Tait (2003) had already sharpened his arguments over much. In fact, although he was espousing Moore's (1993) theory of transactional distance, he was laying it down for examination and possible criticism. It appears that Tait (2003) is ready for new developments. I would rate the article a 4 because of his readiness